Time (what we observe) - a physical quantity that we use to sequence events, and compare intervals between them. Time is also used to define the a of change to quantify motions, work, and force.
Time (what it is) - Time is still not fully understood. The best predictive models define time as a structure, and is an element of the space-time continuum. Another model of time holds that time is the geometry of energy, mass, and space. This implies that 'the present' is the expanding event horizon of an entropy wave (a projection or holographic representation of the workings of the universe), 'the past' is collapsed quantum probabilities, and the future is the steady progression from an ordered to an unordered structure.
Energy (what we observe) - is a quantity that is often understood as the potential of a physical system to do work on other physical systems.
Energy (what it is) - energy arises from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum, can be directly derived from homogeneity (=shift symmetry) of space and so is usually considered a fundamental driver of a force. Some predictive models (i.e., superstring) present fundamental particles (force carriers) that are the purveyors of energy.
Speed of Light- a physical constant, usually denoted by c, and is the maximum speed of the universe. Mathematically it is a vector in one dimensional space equal to one Planck length divided by one Planck unit time.
Mass - Mass is physical representation of energy through time and space. All types of agreed-upon matter exhibit mass, and many types of energy which are not matter—such as potential energy, kinetic energy, and trapped electromagnetic radiation (photons)—also exhibit mass.
Space - (Free Space or Vacuum) - Three dimensional space with no matter. Space and time are closely linked and may be manifestations of the same fundamental construct or geometry.
Matter - has mass and occupies volume (three dimensional space).
Matter - has mass and occupies volume (three dimensional space).
Electromagnetism - Electromagnetism is the force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles.
Gravitation - the force that generates between bodies with a force proportional to the mass.
Strong Interaction - the force that binds the nucleus of an atom together.
Weak Interaction - the force that causes radioactive decay and fusion.
INTERESTING STUFF
Hydrogen - The most abundant element in the universe appears to be the hydrogen atom. Hydrogen in its most common isotope, protium, has one proton and an electron. Niels Bohr predicted a model of the Protium atom with an electron with a stable orbit at a set energy state. The Bohr model is highly predictive for a system where two charged points orbit each other at speeds much less than that of light, like Protium.
Photons - the photon is an elementary particle and has no rest mass and will not decay spontaneously. The photon can be emitted/absorbed by an atom in transition to a lower/higher energy state, matter/antimatter annihilation, and other energy transitions. The photon is often described as an energy packet and force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
INTERESTING STUFF
Hydrogen - The most abundant element in the universe appears to be the hydrogen atom. Hydrogen in its most common isotope, protium, has one proton and an electron. Niels Bohr predicted a model of the Protium atom with an electron with a stable orbit at a set energy state. The Bohr model is highly predictive for a system where two charged points orbit each other at speeds much less than that of light, like Protium.
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| Stylized Bohr Model - Protium Atom |
The Protium atom is incredibly small, and we have never seen one. The things that we believe about atoms come from predictive models that have been developed, and then tested, based on observed behavior of interactions.
Between 1838 and 1851 Richard Laming, a British surgeon and natural philosopher, hypothesized that there existed sub-atomic particles of unit charge; perhaps one of the first persons ever to do so. He suggested that the atom was made up of a core of material surrounded by concentric shells of these electrical 'atoms', or particles. He was considered as an eccentric.
A working mathematical model of the atom started developing in the late 1890's and early 1900's. Working with the Ernest Rutherford model derived from the Geiger–Marsden experiment, Niels Bohr developed a quantum physics-based modification of the Rutherford model. The Bohr model is highly predictive for the protium atom, a single positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron orbital, and related the lines in emission and absorption spectra to the energy differences between the orbits that electrons could take around the atom.
The stylized Bohr Model shown above is the visual representation of the atom that most of us still connect with what an atom looks like (it probably doesn't). However, it is important to note that if the protium atom were expanded to the scale of the above picture, neither the proton or electron would be visible. The matter in a protium atom is tiny in comparison to the space it takes up (0.000000000000119%, give or take a decimal or two).
Electrons - In the Standard Model of particle physics, electrons belong to the group of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be elementary particles.
Wave Function Collapse - Particles, like the photon, can exhibit a wave-particle duality. They are particles, but until they interact, they act like waves. While not main-stream physics, there are theoretical models using Eigenstates of time to yield a solution to this dilemma, showing that the time vectors can set up an interference pattern, but on collapse pinpoints a specific time vector with the particle observed. All time vectors are equally real until collapse at a point. Continuous observation of a portion of the field can truncate the wave equation.
